Classification of Living Things

Linnaeus (founder of taxonomy 1737) used structural similarities

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Variety

Related species grouped in a genus; Related genera grouped in a family; Related families grouped in an Order etc

Can have subphyla or subspecies etc.

Binomial name

genus and species

underlined or in italics

written in latin (usually)

Genus capitalised

species not capitalized

Example:

(a) Homo sapiens

(b) Drosophila meloganaster

(c) Tursiops truncata

(d) Coryphaena hippurus

(e) Treponema pallidum

(f) Canis familiaris

a-humans

b-fruit flies

c-dolphin (flipper)

d-dolphin (mahi-mahi, dorado, broiled in garlic butter!)

e-syphilis bacteria

f-dog, perro

Common names exist, but may confuse.

Starfish not a fish

Sand dollar not money

Same scientific name used by scientists all over the world (in Chinese publications the scientific name is printed in latin characters).

Physical appearances can deceive-horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) look more like crabs, but are more closely related to spiders

Kingdoms:

monera

protista

fungi

plantae

animalia

-or-

3 super kingdoms

Archae

Eubacteria

Eukaryota

-or-

8 kingdoms

(splitting up protista)

Old Notes: [These notes are not specifically related to your text book chapters, but may help with key points]

Note---Super Kingdom Approach & 3 Super Kingdom Model

Monerans, Protists and Viruses

I. Monerans

A. consists of simplest and most numerous organisms on earth - bacteria-common name for this kingdom

B. Characteristics of Bacteria - found especially in digestive track and seen only with microscope

C. Cellular structure

1. absence-distinct membrane-bound nucleus-cells lack true nucleus-prokaryotic cells-cells with nucleus-eukaryotic cells

2. prokaryotes surrounded by cell wall-secrete slimy material around cell wall-prokaryotes contain single circular chromosome called nucleoid

3. plasmids-smaller circular segments of DNA - endospores-adaptive mechanism for survival

D. Shape - 3 groups

1. coccus-spherical, bacillus-rod-shaped cell, spirillum-spiral or coiled

2. single cell-monococci, pairs-diplocci, chains-streptocci, graphlike clusters-staphylocci, single cell-pairs-diplobacilli, chains-streptobacilli

3. flagella-aids in movement

E. Metabolic Needs

1. prokaryotes require energy source and food source

2. most bacteria obligate aerobic-require free oxygen to carry out cellular respiration

3. bacteria that live without oxygen obligate anaerobes

4. presence or absence of oxygen-facultative anaerobes

5. obligate anaerobes-cannot live with oxygen

6. bacteria either heterotrophic or autotrophic

a. heterotrophic saprobes or parasites (saprobes-feed on dead plants and animals and do not cause disease) (parasites-living organisms and cause disease

b. autotrophic - food from inorganic substances - photosynthetic or chemosynthetic

1. chemosynthesis-synthesize food-carbon dioxide-no light as energy source

7. photosynthesis and chemosynthesis very important because they recycle elements and compounds that all living things need

F. Reproduction-all monera reproduce asexually

1. binary fission-parent cell divides 2 identical daughter cells

2. growth curve four phases

a. lag phase-slow growth, exponential phase-bacteria dividing rapidly,

stationary phase- reproductive rate equals death rate, death phase-bacteria dies fast

3. genetic recombination-exchanging genetic material

a. three methods-conjugation(one cell donates DNA)--transduction(DNA transferred)--transformation(DNA taken up by other bacteria-GENETIC ENGINEERING)

G. Types of bacteria

1. monera divided into 2 branches

a. archaebacteria-earliest organisms

1. three phyla-methane producing (intestinal tract), salt-loving bacteria-bacteria in hot,acidic environments

b. eubacteria-blue-green bacteria (organic pollution)

2. green sulfur bacteria and purple bacteria-muddy sediment of ponds and seas

3. largest group-schizphyta(gram test)

a. gram positive-retain stain-crystal violet

b. gram negative-do not retain stain-appear pink

4. gram positive bacteria harmed by penicillin

5. heterotrophic eubacteria cause diseases such as pneumonia and diphtheria

H. Importance of Bacteria

1. harmful bacteria called pathogens-germ theory of disease-Louis Pasteur

2. bacteria harms body in three ways-(1)too numerous-interfere with normal cells (2)destroys body cells and tissues (3) usual cause of harm

3. Anthrax first disease proven caused by bacteria

I. Controlling Bacterial Diseases-hygiene and sanitation

1. 1st antibiotic-penicillin-antibiotic is substance that prevents bacteria from growing

2. tetracycline interferes with formation of substances needed by bacterial cells-proteins

II. THE PROTISTS

A. Animal Like Protists

1. protozoa-single celled-live in fresh/salt water and are heterotrophic-protozoa mobile

2. sarcodina-false feet move-reproduction asexual and sexual-best known amebas-unicellular organisms that change shape-surrounded by radiolarians and forams-protective shell

3. ciliates-phylum ciliophora-fresh and salt water-surrounded by hairlike projections-paramecium-most frequent studied member of phylum

4. stiff outer ridge called pellicle-trichocysts-barbed structures that are discharged for defense- asexual reproduction by binary fission or sexually by conjugation

5. zooflagellates-move by beating long whiplike flagella-zoomastigina phylum

a. reproduce asexually and sexually

b. trypanosoma gambiense causes African sleeping sickness-spread between animals and humans by insect bites-trichonympa lives in digestive tract of termites

6. sporozoans-sporozoa phylum-nonmotile and parasitic

a. obtains nutrients from bodies of hosts-causes diseases in animals

b. plasmodium-parasite that causes malaria in humans-transmitted to humans by female anopheles-mosquito-malaria

B. Plantlike Protists

1. plantlike protists commonly called algae

2. algae divided into 7 groups

a. euglenoids-phylum euglenophyta-single celled organism with 2 flagella

b. golden algae-phylum-chrysophyta

c. Bacillarophytes-unicellular-most common species diatoms-geometric in shape; silicon shell

d. dinoflagellates-dinoflagellata phylum-single celled in ocean-ability to produce light (yellowish green); ciguatera, red tide,

e. green algae-chlorophyta phylum-found in salt and fresh water and moist places-unicellular

f. brown algae-phaeophyta phylum-seaweeds (fucoxanthin)

g. red algae-rhodophyta phylum-seaweeds and warm waters-deeper depths than brown algae

C. Funguslike protists

1. similar to fungus in appearance and nutrition-fungi nonphotosynthetic

2. 3 major phyla

a. plasmodial or acellular slime mods-single celled organisms that contain multiple nuclei

b. cellular slime molds-acrasiomycota fresh water

c. water molds and downy mildews-oomycota phyla-live on dead organisms

III. The Viruses

A. Tiny particles lack all other cell structures, consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA)-virus from latin word poison

B. size and structure-classified as plant, animal or bacterial-protein coat-capsid

C. genetic makeup-have either DNA or RNA but not both

1. DNA virus-produces RNA

2. RNA virus-produces retrovirus (AIDS)

D. Reproduction

1. bacteriophages (or phages)-viruses that attack bacterial cells-complex with head and tail

2. phages attack bacterial cell-(lytic cycle)

3. phage and bacterial cell coexist without destruction of bacterium-lysogenic cycle

E. viruses and diseases

1. viral infections-smallpox, chicken pox, measles, mumps and aids

2. genes that cause cancer-oncogenes

3. vaccines fight virus

4. natural defense against virus is interferon-protein produced by virus infected cell that inhibits virus reproduction

Fungi and Plants

I. Fungi

A. General Characteristic of Fungi

1. kingdom includes yeasts, molds, mushrooms and rusts and smuts

2. vary in size

a. sizelike filaments called hyphae

b. as they grow tangled mass-mycelium

3. produce sexually and asexually by means or spores

4. grouped in three phyla

a. conjugation fungi, sac fungi and club fungi

5. imperfect fungi-cannot be classified because sexual pattern not known

B. Conjugation Fungi

1. phylum zygomycota-saprobes

2. develop from zygote during sexual reproduction

3. phizopus-member of this group

a. grow on surface of bread and fruit as cottonlike mass

b. phizoids anchor fungus and absorb nutrients

c. stolons grow in network over surface of food

d. stolons give rise to sporangiophores

1. bread mold (black dot) sporangia

e. bread mold reproduces asexually however some cases reproduces sexually by conjugation

C. Sac Fungi

1. phylum ascomycota-largest group of fungi

2. sac fungi produce 2 kinds of spores

3. spores produced as a result of sexual reproduction called agcospores

4. spores reproduced asexually called conidia

5. sac fungi are multicellular

D. Club Fungi

1. club fungi-phylum Basidiomycota-large fungi, seen in fields and woods

a. mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs etc

2. sexual reproduction involved production of spores called basidiospores

3. most familiar club fungi are mushrooms

4. mushrooms consist of stalk and cap

a. part of membrane that remains attached to stalk is annulus

b. undersurface cap contains gills

c. wild mushrooms can be deadly

E. Imperfect Fungi

1. phylum-deuteromycota

a. all fungi not known to have sexual reproductive phase

2. many beneficial to humans-such as penicillin

3. detrimental to humans-ringworms

F Lichens

1. made up of 2 organism-alga or blue green bacterium and a fungus-living together

2. alga or bacterial cells are embedded in mycelium of fungus

3. fungus is usually a sac fungus

4. through photosynthesis, algae, or bacterium provides nutrients for fungus

5. lichen reproduce when fragments break off blow away and start growing independently

6. lichens grow on barks of trees, rocks and soil. They can exist for months without water

II. Plants

A. General Characteristics of Plants

1. kingdom plantae made up of plants

a. ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants

2. multicellular-photosynthetic organisms that are adapted primarily for life on land

a. plants evolved from earlier algae-like ancestors

3. divided into two groups

a. bryophytes and tracheophytes

4. bryophytes

a. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

b. short plants and grow in areas that have a good supply of water

c. do not have conducting or vascular tissues

5. tracheophytes

a. horsetails, ferns, flowering plants

b. well developed vascular tissues for transport

6. living on land presents problems

a. obtaining and conserving water

b. must be able to obtain water and transport it to cell and control evaporation from tissues

B. Nonvascular Plants-The Bryophytes

1. includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts

2. transport of materials takes place by diffusion-slow and efficient

3. live where water is plentiful

4. short-1 to 5 centimeters in height

5. plants grow downward-function as roots

6. haploid gametophyte is dominant generation

7. diploid sporophyte generation is small short-lived and dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

C. General Characteristics of Vascular Plants

1. tracheophyta division-includes modern day plants

2. in sporophyte generation all tracheophytes contain vascular tissues xylem and phloem

3. sporophyte generation is dominant and gametophyte is small and short lived

4. vascular plants divided into 2 groups-spore dispersing plants and seed plants

D. Vascular Spore Dispersing Plants

1. whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails and ferns

a. fertilization in these plants require water

2. whisk ferns-oldest known vascular plant - only few modern living species

3. club mosses-one of dominant forms of plant life during carboniferous or coal forming period

a. have true roots, stems and leave, evergreens

4. horsetails-20 living species of plants

a. common in shaded woods and around streams, swamps and ponds

b. true roots and leaves-stems green and hollow

5. ferns-abundant also carboniferous period-9000 living species of ferns-rain forests

a. internal structure of form - contain xylem and phloem - root cap

b. reproduce sexually and asexually

E. Vascular Seed Plants

1. dominant and most successful group of plants

2. 2 major groups of seed plants-gymnosperm and angiosperm

3. gymnosperm - nonflowering seed plants that usually bear seeds on upper surfaces

a. have true roots, stems and leaves - sporophyte generation - 250 million years ago dominant form of life

b. conifers most important gymnosperm group

1. cone bearing plants with leaves in form of needles (fir, pine etc.)

c. cycad-another gymnosperm group-look like palm but have cones-slow growing

d. ginkgoes-another group-maidenhair trees only group left-survive with limited water

4. angiosperm

a. flowering plants most successful of all living plants - 250,000 species

b. in angiosperm flower serves as reproductive function

c. angiosperm divided into 2 major groups - dicots and monocots

d. dicots - seeds of dicots contain 2 seed leaves - more numerous than monocots

Invertebrates-Sponges to Mollusks

I. Animal Kingdom

A. Basic Characteristics of Animals

1. kingdom animalia-largest of five kingdom

2. multicellular organisms that must obtain food from environment

3. nervous and muscular systems that allow movement-reproduce sexually

4. zoology-study of animals - 30 phyla

5. invertebrates-animals with no backbones

B. Symmetry

1. cut body in half that have matching shapes

2. amebas and sponges-asymmetrical do not have matching shapes

3. kinds of asymmetry

a. spherical-protists

b. radical-central line or axis (hydra) - any cut divides into matching halves

1. most animals with radical symmetry drift with water currents or are sessile (living attached to stationary object)

c. bilateral-organism varies from top to bottom and front to back (human body)

1. dorsal-upper side or back of animal

2. ventral-lower or belly of animal

3. anterior-front or head

4. posterior-rear, tail, end

II - Sponges and Coelenterates

A. General Characteristics of Sponges

1. phylum-porifera-simplest multicellular animals

2. sponges pierced by pores or holes through which water moves

3. most are marine-salt water

4. adult sponges sessile-attached to shells or rocks

5. asymmetrical

B. Structure of Life Functions of Sponges

1. simplest level-body composed of 3 layers

a. outer-thin epidermal cells-allow water, dissolved oxygen to enter sponge

b. inner-collar cells-flagellum

c. middle-contains amebocytes-amebalike cells

C. General Characteristics of Coelenterates

1. phylum coelenterata-more complex level of sponges-jellyfish, corals-aquatic

2. 2 forms of coelenterates - polyp-sessile and cylindrical body with mouth/tentacles

medusa-upside down bowl mouth and tentacles-facing down

D. Structure of Life Functions and Coelenterates

1. 2 cell layers - endoderms(inner) ectoderm (outer)

2. separated by jellylike material called mesoglea

3. cnidoblasts-specialized stinging cells used for defense and food

4. gastrovascular cavity-no respiratory or excretory system found

III. Flatworms and Roundworms

A. General Characteristics of Flatworms

1. phylum platyhelminthes-flatworm-simplest animal-bilateral symmetry

2. simples invertebrate group showing bilateral symmetry-simplest invertebrate group showing definite head and tail regions

3. three major groups-free living(planeria) parasitic flukes, parasitic tapeworms

B. Structure and Life Functions of Flatworms

1. 3 distinct tissue layers-ectoderm, mesoderms, endoderm

2. simplest animal with mesodermic layers

3. planaria-typical flatworm

a. freshwater streams-digestive system(mouth, pharynx, intestine)

b. no skeletal, circulatory respiratory system, flame cells-remove excess water and liquid - well developed reproductive system

4. flukes-class Trematoda-parasitic flatworms

a. blood fluke causes loss of blood, diarrhea and severe pain

5. tapeworms-class cestoda

a. live as parasites in intestines-absorb digested food-proglottids-undercooked meat

C. General Characteristics of Roundworms

1. phylum-nematoda-slender bilaterally symmetrical nematodes or roundworms

D. Structure and Life Functions of Roundworms

1. 2 openings to tubular digestive system-simplest animal having digestive system-nervous system - well developed reproductive system - no circulatory or respiratory system

2. trichina-causes trichinosis-live in intestines of hogs

3. filaria-elephantiasis-carried by mosquito-in humans invade lymphatic system

4. pinworms-parasite-live in large intestine - live only few weeks

5. hookworm - roundworm that infects people in warm climates on contaminated soil-anemia

IV - Segmented Worms and Mollusks

A. General Characteristics of Segmented Worms

1. most familiar worms phylum- annelida (segmented worms)-earthworm class-oligochaeta

leech class-hirudinea-annelids-division of body into separate sections or segments

B. Structure and Life Functions of Segmented Worms

1. bilaterally symmetrical-simplest invertebrate that have closed circulatory system

2. nereis-class polychaeta-similar to earthworm-lives at tide level

3. leeches-freshwater animals that are parasites of vertebrates

C. General Characteristics of Mollusks

1. mollusks phylum-mollusca-second largest animal phylum (oyster, clam)

2. found in salt water, fresh water and land

3. size varies-many mollusks for food

4. 3 classes of mollusks

a. bivalve-2 part shells (clams)

b. gastropods - single shell (snail)

c. cephalopoda - little or no shell (octopus)

D. Structure and Life Functions of Mollusks

1. common characteristics-bilaterally symmetrical-3 tissue layers-coelom

2. foot functions in movement

3. mantle-fold of skin that surrounds body organs

4. radula-tonguelike organ found in mollusks except bivalves

Invertebrates-Arthropods and Echinoderms

I - Arthropods-Crustaceans

A. General Characteristics of Arthropods

1. most biologically successful and most abundant animal group

2. divided in 5 classes - crustaceans-centipedes-millipedes-arachnids-insects

3. most advanced invertebrates-have jointed legs

4. have exoskeletons composed of protein and carbohydrate

5. exoskeleton does not grow-grows through molting-contains head,thorax,abdomen

6. well developed nervous system

7. open circulatory system

B. General Characteristics of Crustaceans

1. 2 paid of antennae on head

C. Crayfish-External Structure

1. crustacean - 2 main regions - abdomen and cephalothorax

D. Crayfish - Internal Structure and Life Functions

1. nutrition-dead or living animals

2. excretion-excretory glands called green glands

3. circulation and respiratory

a. open circulatory system surrounded by pericardial sinus

4. nervous regulation

a. sensory organs well developed

5. reproduction - sexes separate, mating takes place-female lays eggs in spring

crayfish live three to five years

II. Arthropods-Centipedes to Arachnids

A. General Characteristics of Centipedes

1. hundred leggers-class chilopoda-all body segments have one pair of legs-searches for food at night

B. General Characteristics of Millipedes

1. thousands leggers-class diplopodo

2. 2 pair of legs per segment-feed on decaying material

C. Structure and Life Functions of Arachnids

1. live on land and resemble insects-cephalothorax and abdomen

2. six pairs of jointed appendages

a. chelicerae(fang like)

b. pedipalps-hold food and used by male in reproduction

c. book lungs-contain blood vessels

d. spinnerets-spin silk

III Arthropods-Insects

A. General Characteristics of Insects-class-insecta

1. most successful class of arthropods

2. only insects capable of flying-high rate of reproduction

3. 3 body regions-head-thorax-abdomen

B. Variations Among Insects

1. mouthparts-2 basic types

a. chewing (grasshopper)

b. sucking (bees)

2. body form - flattened, thick

3. legs - different types

C. Reproduction and Development in Insects

1. all insects reproduce sexually

2. series of changes as they develop from eggs to adults

3. incomplete metamorphosis

a. eggs hatch into nymphs (grasshopper)

b. 3 stages - egg, nymph, adult

4. complete metamorphosis-bees, butterflies, eggs of most insects

D. Classification of Insects

1. branch of biology that deals with study of insects-entomology-scientists-entomologist

2. six major orders-hymenoptera, orthoptera, coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hemiptera

E. The Grasshopper - a representative insect

1. 3 sections-head thorax abdomen

2. head made up of six fused segments

3. thorax made up of three segments

4. abdomen made up of 10 segments

F. Economic Importance of Insects

1. affect almost every part of daily life

IV Echinoderms

A. General Characteristics of Echinoderms

1. phylum echinodermata includes starfish, sea urchins etc.

2. marine and live on ocean floor

3. larvae are bilaterally symmetrical

4. have internal structure

B. Structure and Life Functions of Starfish

1. body of starfish consists of central disk from which arms and ray radiate

2. locomotion and food getting - starfish involved water vascular system

3. respiration occurs by diffusion of gases across skin gills and tube feet

4. sexes are separate in starfish

5. have ability to regenerate missing parts

Fishes to Reptiles

I. The Chordates

A. General Characteristics of Chordates

1. Phylum Chordata subdivided into 3 subphyla

2. largest vertebrata

3. urochordata and cephalochordata

4. 3 characteristics-dorsal hollow nerve cord

flexible rodlike internal supporting structure notochord

paired gills slits in throat region

B. Tunicates and Lancelets

1. tunicates

a. soft bodies animals found in marine

b. sessile animals obtain food and oxygen from water

c. tunicates lack dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord

2. lancelets

a. small marine animals - most common amphioxus- live in buried sand

C. Vertebrates

1. most numerous and complex of chordates

2. backbone basis for internal supporting skeleton

3. allows flexibility and movement

4. eight classes

lampreys

hagfishes

cartilaginous fishes

bony fishes

amphibians

reptiles

birds

mammals

5. body temperature remains constant

II The Fishes

A. Jawless Fishes

1. four classes

a. cephalaspidomorphi, myxini (most primitive) long snakelike bodies

b. lamprey-parasites-suck food from other fishes

1. shed eggs or spawn in freshwater streams

c. hagfishes- salt water, feed on dead fish, worms that live on ocean floor

1. do not have larval stage of development

B. The Cartilaginous Fishes

1. chondrichthyes class-sharks, rays and skates

2. marine-skeleton made of cartilage-2 chambered hearts

C. Bony Fishes

1. class osteichthyes-largest class of vertebrates

2. swim by side to side movements of body and tail

3. complex nervous system

4. four pairs of gills

5. most of body of fish is muscles

6. have swim bladder to maintain level in water

III - Amphibians

A. General Characteristics of Amphibians

1. class Amphibia (Frogs and Toads)

2. reproduction and development takes place in water or moist land

3. salamanders

a. long bodies, long tailed 2 pairs of short limbs

b. eat fish, snails, worms

4. frogs and toads

a. tailless amphibians

B. Structure and Life Functions of Frogs

1. External Features

a. Short body, 2 large moveable eyes

b. protected by three eyelids

1. nictitating membrane-allows frog to see underwater

2. tympanic membrane-picks up sound waves from air or water

2. circulatory system - 3 chambered heart

3. respiratory system - lungs, lining of mouth and skin

4. nervous system - central nervous system - spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves make up peripheral nervous system -

5. brain, olfactory lobes, cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla

6. Excretory system - kidneys

7. fertilization and development - external - 6 to 9 days eggs hatch into tadpoles

IV Reptiles

A. General Characteristics of Tadpoles

1. class Reptilia

2. do not require water for reproduction

3. skin dry and covered with scales

4. 2 pairs of leg

5. 3 chambered heart

6. 4 orders of living reptiles

B. Crocodiles and Alligators

1. largest living reptile

2. teeth are different

3. crocodiles are more vicious

C. Turtles

1. upper shell - carapace

2. lower shell - plastron

D. Lizards and Snakes

1. lizards 4 legged

2. snakes no legs

3. snakes have special sense organs that are used in hunting

4. teeth called fangs

5. venoms

a. neurotoxin-poisons that attack nerve tissue

b. hemotoxins-break down red blood cells and blood vessels

6. poisonous snakes in US - rattlesnake, water moccasins-copperhead, coral

Vertebrates-Birds and Mammals

I. Birds

A. General Characteristics of Birds

1. class Aves

2. feathers distinguished from other animals

3. trunk spindle shaped (head, neck, trunk and tail)

4. 2 pair of limbs

5. forelimbs (wings for flying) hindlimbs (perching, walking, swimming)

6. well developed four chamber heart

7. highly efficient respiratory system

8. warm blooded

B. Feathers

1. lightweight and flexible

2. grow from follicles in skins

3. males usually brighter in color than female

4. typical feather

a. vane-flat area

b. quill-hollow attached to skin

c. barb-make up vane

5. different kinds of feathers

a. elongated contour-cover,insulate and protect body

b. flight feathers-support bird in flight-those on tail help in steering

c. down feathers-provide insulation by trapping air

6. oil gland near base of tail help make feathers waterproof

C. Internal Structure of Birds

1. respiratory and circulatory systems

a. air sacs-provide oxygen needed for flight

2. syrinx-song box

3. circulatory system similar to humans

4. generate heat-endothermic

5. digestive system-birds eat large amounts of food

6. excretory system-removed from blood by kidneys

7. nervous system-brain is large

a. cerebellum-muscle coordination

b. smell and taste poorly developed

c. sight, hearing and taste highly developed

8. reproductive system

a. no external sex organs

II. Mammals

A. General Characteristics of Mammals

1. class mammalia

2. thought to have evolved from group of reptiles that had mammal like characteristics

3. warm blooded

4. four-chambered heart

5. 4 types of teeth

a. incisors (cutting)

b. canine (tearing)

c. premolars and molars (grinding)

6. 3 kinds of mammals

a. monotremes

b. marsupials

c. placental mammals

7. monotremes

a. egg laying

b most primitive - duckbill platypus and anteater

8. marsupials-pouched mammals

9. placental - largest and most successful group

B. Kinds of Placental Mammals

1. insect eating mammals-order insectivora

2. rodents-order Rodentia-largest order

3. lagomorphs-rabbits and hares-fasting moving animals

4. flying mammals-bats-order chiroptera

5. bats use echolocation to find way around in dark

C. Mammals without teeth

1. order-Edentata (anteaters, armadillos and sloths)

D. Mammals with Trunks

1. order Proboscidea-Africa and Asiatic Elephants

2. elephants largest living land animals

E. Hoofed mammals

1. ungulates-2 orders according to number of toes on hoof

2. even number of toes-artiodactyla (pig, deer, sheep)

3. uneven number of toes-perissodactyla-(horse, rhinos tapirs)

4. all ungulates are plant eaters - herbivores

5. ruminants -stomachs

F. Meat eating mammals

1. order-carnivora -- cats, dogs, bears

2. strong, fast moving - well developed sense of smell - intelligent

G. Aquatic Mammals

1. order pinnipedia

2. feed mainly on fish

3. whales, dolphins and porpoises members of order cetacea

4. air breathers

5. manatees and dugongs - order Sirenia

a. plant eaters

H. Primates

1. order Primates

2. apes, monkeys, humans

3. have well developed grasping hands

4. thumbs positioned opposite other fingers

possible to grasp objects in one hand