Dr. Gottfried's Midterm Review 1998-1999 [A work in progress-some material we covered may not be listed here, and some material listed here may not have been covered. ]

1. What is Life? What is Biology

a. Cell Structure and Function

b. Reproduction and Inheritance

c. Stability and Homeostasis

d. Evolution

e. Interdependence of Organisms

f. Matter, Energy and Organization

2. Chemistry/Biochemistry

a. Classes of compounds

i. Proteins/amino acids

ii. Nucleic acids/nucleotides

iii. Fats & lipids/fatty acids & glycerol

iv. Carbohydrates/sugars

b. Enzymes

i. Hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis

ii. Catabolic

iii. Anabolic

3. Cell Biology

a. Movement of molecules

i. Diffusion

(1) concentration gradient

ii. Osmosis

(1) hyper and hypo tonic

(2) turgor pressure

(3) plasmolysis

(4) cytolysis

iii. Active transport

(1) Na/K pump

iv. Facilitated diffusion

v. Endo and Exocytosis

vi. Pino and Phagocytosis

b. Cell organelles

i. Nucleus

ii. Nucleolus

iii. Nuclear membrane

iv. Cytoplasm

v. Cell membrane

(1) phosopholipid bilayer

vi. Chromosome

vii. Ribosome

viii. Mitochondrion

ix. Plastid

x. Lysosome

xi. Vacuoles

xii. Endoplasmic reticulum

(1) smooth

(2) rough

xiii. Golgi apparatus

xiv. Contractile vacuole

xv. Cell wall

xvi. Leucoplasts

4. Cell Reproduction

a. Cell Cycle

i. Interphase

ii. G1

iii. S

iv. G2

v. M

vi. Cytokinesis

b. Role in unicellular & multicellular organisms

i. Reproduction

ii. Repair

iii. Growth

c. Binary fission

d. Mitosis

i. Prophase

ii. Metaphase

iii. Anaphase

iv. Telophase

e. Meiosis

i. Spermatogenesis versus oogenesis

ii. Polar bodies

iii. Synapsis

(1) tetrads

(2) crossing over

iv. Gametes

v. Stages

(1) Prophase I

(2) Metaphase I

(3) Anaphase I

f. Cytokinesis

(1) Telophase I and Cytokinesis

(2) Prophase II

(3) Metaphase II

(4) Anaphase II

(5) Telophase II and Cytokinesis

g. DNA & chromosomes

h. Meiosis verus mitosis

i. Number of cells produced

ii. Number of chromosomes

iii. Number of divisions

5. Genetics

a. Inheritance-genetic continuity

i. Mendelian Genetics

(1) pea plants

(2) Law of Dominance

(3) Law of Segregation

(4) Law of Independent Assortment

(5) sex-linked traits

(6) human disorders

(a) Down's syndrome

(b) sickle cell anemia

(c) hemophilia

(d) Tay-Sachs

(7) Punnet squares

(a) monohybrid cross

(b) dihybrid cross

(c) complete dominance

(d) incomplete dominance

(e) sex determination

(f) sex-linked traits

(g) test cross

(8) probability

(9) phenotype and genotype ratios

(10) homozygous and heterozygous

ii. Non-Mendelian genetics

(1) jumping genes

(2) imprinting

(3) linkage

6. Biology as a Science

a. Experimental design

i. Observational

ii. Manipulated variable

iii. Controlled experiment

iv. Hypothesis writing

v. Hypothesis testing

b. Experimental analysis

i. Problem statement

ii. Hypothesis

iii. Manipulated variable

iv. Responding variable

v. Variables held constant

vi. Quantification

vii. Control

viii. Number of trials

ix. Graphing

x. Numerical interpretation

(1) range

(2) mean

(3) mode

(4) frequency

(5) standard deviation

xi. Conclusions

(1) based on observation

(2) based on inference

(3) fact or opinion

c. Equipment used in Biology

i. Microscopes

ii. Balances

iii. Chromatography

iv. Appropriate safety procedures

(1) goggles

(2) aprons

(3) spills

(4) broken glass

(5) chemical splashes to body or eye

d. Biology as part of Society

i. Beneficial aspects

ii. Detrimental aspects

iii. Applied technology

(1) pesticides

(2) genetic engineering

(3) management of lands (& waters)

e. Science versus pseudo-science

i. Criteria for acceptance

ii. Internet sources

f. Careers in Biology

g. Famous/Important Biologists

i. Multi cultural contributions

h. Historical Trends

i. Development of Darwinian theory

ii. Germ theory

iii. Naked eye-Microscopes-Atomic force microscopes